tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-58060290575417931022024-03-13T05:11:38.154-07:00Food related medical termsA site describing fascinating food related medical terms in an engaging way, e.g. strawberry scrotum, rice-water stool, coca-cola colored urine, spaghetti & meatball appearance, spoon-shaped nails, etc. (Food for thought?!)Dr Gwinyai Masukume, MB ChB(UZ), Dip Obst(SA), MSc(Wits), PhD(UCC)http://www.blogger.com/profile/05681745186575471596noreply@blogger.comBlogger102125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5806029057541793102.post-66720959196730495342023-12-29T16:29:00.000-08:002023-12-29T16:29:12.507-08:00Fried egg appearance of Best disease<p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: verdana;">Best
disease, or Best vitelliform macular dystrophy, is an inherited eye condition affecting the macula, the central region vital for clear vision. Typically
appearing in childhood or adolescence and progressing over time, it results in
central vision loss. </span><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: verdana;">Named after German ophthalmologist Dr. Friedrich Best, who observed a family with various stages of the disease in 1905. </span><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: verdana;">Best disease can reveal a distinctive<i> fried egg appearance</i> in the
macula. This look, resembling a yellowish egg yolk, is caused by the buildup
of lipofuscin, a fatty substance, in the retinal pigment epithelium cells.
These cells support the retina, the light-sensitive layer of tissue in the eye.
Imaging techniques, like fundoscopy, allow us to see this <i>fried egg appearance</i>.</span></p><p><span><span style="font-family: times;"><u>Reference</u></span></span></p><p><span><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222;">Tripathy K, Salini B. Best Disease. [Updated 2023 Aug 25]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan-. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537290/" target="_blank">Go to reference</a></span></span></span></p><p><span><span style="font-family: times;"><br /></span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-small;">Fried egg appearance, Fried egg</span></p><p><span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHOz8uGvcC-RqtMIWg5mWEi5ZklFvFHCqGYEUpxionrf6c13ldmJdM_rMHTcVD-vsh9iw19WeHmz-arZNLEqnAF06caO3NIkJx180OnwJ2JPnnUg89tsON1Nzufi3sLoO-NN4H9InEsdJT1geLedR21hONe67CEoB7B4SRJR8mv7KO764ZF-3ZKw5NGy0/s741/Best's%20disease;%20Fundus%20photography%20shows%20the%20%E2%80%9Cegg-yolk%E2%80%9D%20appearance%20in%20a%2010-year-old%20boy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="280" data-original-width="741" height="121" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHOz8uGvcC-RqtMIWg5mWEi5ZklFvFHCqGYEUpxionrf6c13ldmJdM_rMHTcVD-vsh9iw19WeHmz-arZNLEqnAF06caO3NIkJx180OnwJ2JPnnUg89tsON1Nzufi3sLoO-NN4H9InEsdJT1geLedR21hONe67CEoB7B4SRJR8mv7KO764ZF-3ZKw5NGy0/s320/Best's%20disease;%20Fundus%20photography%20shows%20the%20%E2%80%9Cegg-yolk%E2%80%9D%20appearance%20in%20a%2010-year-old%20boy.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgx802O0-ZSHhdIUWuIIl8Xt6cLVzYnOKyaRfek1hmYV1APRQk3B9EbyBWwepGw6Fh9IUiSqM4krWeQ5us_hExdYw8zTHkGa1yvR0NGV5FK45FBb77gUT440hwdBS58uoRk6NS0IybYPKii5P5y52_gco8VpplQ-e8_NI_Wy7uFuXE-z6Xyf0DT9NhaAOo/s800/Fried_egg_sunny_side_up_with_meal.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="800" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgx802O0-ZSHhdIUWuIIl8Xt6cLVzYnOKyaRfek1hmYV1APRQk3B9EbyBWwepGw6Fh9IUiSqM4krWeQ5us_hExdYw8zTHkGa1yvR0NGV5FK45FBb77gUT440hwdBS58uoRk6NS0IybYPKii5P5y52_gco8VpplQ-e8_NI_Wy7uFuXE-z6Xyf0DT9NhaAOo/s320/Fried_egg_sunny_side_up_with_meal.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3872838/" target="_blank"><span style="background-color: white; color: #212121; font-family: times; font-size: small; text-align: left;">Image from Nentwich MM, Rudolph G. Hereditary retinal eye diseases in childhood and youth affecting the central retina. </span><i style="background-color: white; color: #212121; font-family: times; font-size: small; text-align: left;">Oman J Ophthalmol</i><span style="background-color: white; color: #212121; font-family: times; font-size: small; text-align: left;">. 2013.</span></a></span></div>Dr Gwinyai Masukume, MB ChB(UZ), Dip Obst(SA), MSc(Wits), PhD(UCC)http://www.blogger.com/profile/05681745186575471596noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5806029057541793102.post-59808184488691241362022-09-29T14:20:00.000-07:002022-09-29T14:20:54.660-07:00Candy cane aorta<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><span style="color: #3333ff; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">The largest and main
artery in the human body, the aorta, emerges from the heart. The aorta
distributes oxygenated blood to all parts of the body. The aorta gives off
various branches as it travels through the thorax and abdomen. The aorta's
arch, which is curved and located in the thorax, joins the ascending and descending
aortas. When examined from a side angle using X-rays or magnetic resonance
imaging, the configuration of the ascending aorta, aortic arch and
descending aorta resembles a candy cane or hockey stick in appearance – </span><i style="color: #3333ff; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">candy
cane aorta</i><span style="color: #3333ff; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><span style="color: #3333ff; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In the abdomen, the aorta
ends by splitting into the median sacral artery, a small midline
vessel and the common iliac arteries, two major blood vessels.</span><span style="color: #3333ff; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></p>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px;"><u><span face="Verdana, sans-serif">Reference</span></u><span face="Verdana, sans-serif">:</span></div><p><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #222222; font-family: times; font-size: 13.2px;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 10pt;">Eikendal AL, Bots ML, Haaring C, Saam T, van
der Geest RJ, Westenberg JJ, den Ruijter HM, Hoefer IE, Leiner T. Reference
values for cardiac and aortic magnetic resonance imaging in healthy, young
caucasian adults. PLoS One. 2016;11(10):e0164480.</span> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0164480" style="color: #cc6611; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Go to reference</a>.</span></p><p><span class="bkciteavail" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: times; font-size: 13.2px;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span class="bkciteavail" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: times; font-size: 13.2px;">Candy cane aorta, candy cane</span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixBTOroHGIWTuy2KJbIBT1DG3eeiojebqdlNpsi5P0pxl67nYRPHSGbhL_f2P9By7OevsYvzRLpNbR4yyB7ND75MmOQ7Iyk37YY-lu2s2qwgbi01tYp9XnuVb940svlPnxRAqPboYJzYXhsJaOMvwSPl1CvGw7R5Yp4iCHfO710Edy7BVP8rY2PCgM/s913/Candy%20cane%20aorta.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="604" data-original-width="913" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixBTOroHGIWTuy2KJbIBT1DG3eeiojebqdlNpsi5P0pxl67nYRPHSGbhL_f2P9By7OevsYvzRLpNbR4yyB7ND75MmOQ7Iyk37YY-lu2s2qwgbi01tYp9XnuVb940svlPnxRAqPboYJzYXhsJaOMvwSPl1CvGw7R5Yp4iCHfO710Edy7BVP8rY2PCgM/s320/Candy%20cane%20aorta.png" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjECFtC8ouCbQt8qBcLHSmmwr1Z8s2kVarJFqYo0NJ0un1Y63T2ie4IUV504lFrvE0mxdUrPQ22j2tXfX37SLV80yhTp-W1g_B_7VXcOxlBQhavQhs9HERtfu_m1KTV-47i9TApysaVtdmZ3Oz2fEABHS5rceXx851b9VAXmRg1kXpEOtRCM09ACUYt/s4608/Candy%20cane.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4608" data-original-width="3456" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjECFtC8ouCbQt8qBcLHSmmwr1Z8s2kVarJFqYo0NJ0un1Y63T2ie4IUV504lFrvE0mxdUrPQ22j2tXfX37SLV80yhTp-W1g_B_7VXcOxlBQhavQhs9HERtfu_m1KTV-47i9TApysaVtdmZ3Oz2fEABHS5rceXx851b9VAXmRg1kXpEOtRCM09ACUYt/s320/Candy%20cane.jpg" width="240" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27732640/" target="_blank"><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: times; font-size: 13.2px;">Image from </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 10pt;">Eikendal AL </span><i style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 10pt;">et al</i><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 10pt;">. PLoS One. 2016.</span></a></div><span class="bkciteavail" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: times; font-size: 13.2px;"><p class="MsoNoSpacing"><span style="color: #3333ff; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p></span><p></p><p><span class="bkciteavail" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: times; font-size: 13.2px;"> </span><span style="color: #3333ff; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span> </p>Dr Gwinyai Masukume, MB ChB(UZ), Dip Obst(SA), MSc(Wits), PhD(UCC)http://www.blogger.com/profile/05681745186575471596noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5806029057541793102.post-3765004286533362212021-07-12T07:23:00.001-07:002021-08-03T17:13:03.720-07:00Pear-shaped appearance of Babesia<div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Babesiosis
is a rare disease caused by single-celled parasites which infect red blood
cells. </span><i style="font-size: 12pt;">Babesia</i><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> mainly infect animals with humans only being occasionally
infected. These parasites are transmitted to humans primarily by tick bites.
Their name originates from Victor Babeș (1854-1926), a Romanian physician who
first described them.<br /></span></span><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: verdana; font-size: 12pt;">Some
infected people are asymptomatic. Certain groups of people are vulnerable to
severe infection like those without a spleen and those with an impaired immune
system. Under the microscope, these parasites are oval shaped within the red
blood cells, a </span><i style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: verdana; font-size: 12pt;">pear-shaped appearance</i><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: verdana; font-size: 12pt;">.</span><br /><u><span face="Verdana, sans-serif">Reference</span></u><span face="Verdana, sans-serif">:</span></div><div><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="background: white; color: #222222;">Zimmer AJ, Simonsen KA. Babesiosis. [Updated
2020 Aug 15]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls
Publishing; 2021 Jan-. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430715/" target="_blank">Go to reference</a>.</span><span class="bkciteavail"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: times;"><span class="bkciteavail"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span></span></span><br /></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing"><br /></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing"><div style="text-align: center;">Pear-shaped forms, pears</div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiG9QOQd3rrtcovloCfnhCzRnjWmyPql2WBxnI-C5kOV9uqhHXpXK1Gr-y55l3FBRwQNcovRZIS6lv4tEslw3FnvJtuFiM0aQx7eHv7M6qMGYP9FgKCH8rxszF51vPKPdGi-K8sf8T5VDc/s781/Pear-shaped+appearance.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="781" data-original-width="460" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiG9QOQd3rrtcovloCfnhCzRnjWmyPql2WBxnI-C5kOV9uqhHXpXK1Gr-y55l3FBRwQNcovRZIS6lv4tEslw3FnvJtuFiM0aQx7eHv7M6qMGYP9FgKCH8rxszF51vPKPdGi-K8sf8T5VDc/s320/Pear-shaped+appearance.png" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxemk7iegcuMM62lH-fFYTYfMX-jyDfZouWm2vZV4QDZe6W3oaYAafdaPaBEY02Oxmzq8o91QLLfqPin98158LuHSXLFC364ZGnzlK24R5qs7QkcMleTEVEIEG92Ynpky413UZiG9F7-8/s899/Pears.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="899" data-original-width="741" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxemk7iegcuMM62lH-fFYTYfMX-jyDfZouWm2vZV4QDZe6W3oaYAafdaPaBEY02Oxmzq8o91QLLfqPin98158LuHSXLFC364ZGnzlK24R5qs7QkcMleTEVEIEG92Ynpky413UZiG9F7-8/s320/Pears.png" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/Babesia-canis-dog.jpg" target="_blank">Image from Wikimedia Commons</a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br />Dr Gwinyai Masukume, MB ChB(UZ), Dip Obst(SA), MSc(Wits), PhD(UCC)http://www.blogger.com/profile/05681745186575471596noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5806029057541793102.post-78697921079548400862020-12-18T05:47:00.000-08:002020-12-18T05:47:43.599-08:00Candy cane esophagus<p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Consuming
very hot food and drink can injure the inside of the food pipe, the esophagus, which
extends from the throat to the stomach. Normally the inside of the esophagus is
pink. But when burnt by hot liquids or solids, alternating bands of red and
white regions emerge, when examined by optical devices. These regions resemble
candy cane in appearance – </span><i style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">candy cane esophagus</i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">. </span></span><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Candy
cane is a type of boiled sweet often found in alternating red and white stripes.</span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16px;">The outcome depends on the extent of esophageal thermal injury, with most reported cases having favorable outcomes.</span></p><div class="MsoNoSpacing"><u><span face="Verdana, sans-serif">Reference</span></u><span face="Verdana, sans-serif">:<span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Lim CH, Yen H-H, Su W-W, Lim C-J, Tsai H-C, Chen S-T.
Extensive Causative Esophagitis Caused by Thermal Injury: A Case Report and
Review of the Literature. </span><i style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Case Reports in
Gastrointestinal Medicine. </i><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">2017;2017:8243567.</span> </span><a href="https://www.hindawi.com/journals/crigm/2017/8243567/" style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;" target="_blank">Go to reference</a></span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times;">Candy cane esophagus, candy cane</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7VUFgEMAVfkZqN31EmJz2RurYNfWD0QWRtsIihtc3lZ_ByvlujCToWq00y0CQqY0CJqd1Z4KcM88LBErRlD7vUvwDV9kIIf8z3sIEoa7J3ulN5M2QKBPaPvVTiFKreyqko8qn2LHAEpc/s637/Candy+cane+esophagus.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="491" data-original-width="637" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7VUFgEMAVfkZqN31EmJz2RurYNfWD0QWRtsIihtc3lZ_ByvlujCToWq00y0CQqY0CJqd1Z4KcM88LBErRlD7vUvwDV9kIIf8z3sIEoa7J3ulN5M2QKBPaPvVTiFKreyqko8qn2LHAEpc/s320/Candy+cane+esophagus.png" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHWH74NRBgNO0PY7EJ7ASQvLszBG4MSTk2BV0qldEl3L192gYR-b0ntasW7ySN6pDzuTuVqEt2dXkX9RkpiGLT6ksFURcIm7vTfr0aLfSSV2q1TfiIlQPZcYyaCV08kCfm2gFZicLKkck/s838/Bobs_canes_wiki.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="838" data-original-width="600" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHWH74NRBgNO0PY7EJ7ASQvLszBG4MSTk2BV0qldEl3L192gYR-b0ntasW7ySN6pDzuTuVqEt2dXkX9RkpiGLT6ksFURcIm7vTfr0aLfSSV2q1TfiIlQPZcYyaCV08kCfm2gFZicLKkck/s320/Bobs_canes_wiki.jpg" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: times; font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/8243567" target="_blank"><u><span>Image from Lim. </span></u><i style="background-color: white; text-align: left;"><i style="color: black;">Case Reports in Gastrointestinal Medicine</i></i><u><span>, 2017</span></u></a></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bobs_canes_wiki.jpg" style="background-color: white; font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: small;">Image from Wikimedia Commons</a></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing"><br /></div>Dr Gwinyai Masukume, MB ChB(UZ), Dip Obst(SA), MSc(Wits), PhD(UCC)http://www.blogger.com/profile/05681745186575471596noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5806029057541793102.post-14835470473057836982020-10-03T16:55:00.000-07:002020-10-03T16:55:27.806-07:00Caviar appendix<p><span style="color: blue; text-align: justify;">In a rare usually non life-threatening condition myxoglobulosis of the appendix, multiple small spherical mucin globules develop in the appendix's lumen. These pearl colored globules resemble caviar in look - <i>caviar appendix</i>. Most people with appendiceal myxoglobulosis have no symptoms. Discovery of the condition is often incidental during surgery or at postmortem. The cause of this condition is currently unknown.</span></p><p><span style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: blue;">The appendix is a blind ending tubular protrusion from the main alimentary tract. It can act as a store of healthy bacteria which re-populates the gut when diarrhea, for instance, distorts the balance of healthy micro-organisms within the main gut. It is also packed with many immune cells which assists with immune responses.</span></span></p><div class="MsoNoSpacing"><u><span face="Verdana, sans-serif">Reference</span></u><span face="Verdana, sans-serif">:<span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: 13px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Gosavi MS. Myxoglobulosis Of The Appendix: A Rare Cause Of Pelvic Pain. <i>Current Educational Research</i>. 2018 1(03).</span></span><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> </span><a href="https://www.scireslit.com/CaseReports/IJCRSR-ID40.php" style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">Go to reference</a></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-small;">Caviar appendix, caviar</span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaEN284WHzv0Wr8nYC6uXbukL8YkJhKauaGMqYNML2cr1G3uR46JMpd8d_3W5-t89Ydvj39bbgF0AQE-3BVN4h42lPDOMYBeToOmtXzyF8nF2NJoEJhdaXwprAsQtYXm8xgVo-D5BWch8/s1000/Caviar+appendix.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="566" data-original-width="1000" height="192" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaEN284WHzv0Wr8nYC6uXbukL8YkJhKauaGMqYNML2cr1G3uR46JMpd8d_3W5-t89Ydvj39bbgF0AQE-3BVN4h42lPDOMYBeToOmtXzyF8nF2NJoEJhdaXwprAsQtYXm8xgVo-D5BWch8/w340-h192/Caviar+appendix.gif" width="340" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0rAZACqFsSu0ZOVxQ704Q-u2Vg468A0FqJj-CFvBBp9XWWW2w42vC-gsO0DBa4cAC3nhMmz8dlWdBBR252gr2uFC1psorbYdfigNdOY9Y714OWifwYYntEJt16FXI9KZTsDFj8u1g_CU/s2048/Vanilla_Panna_Cotta_with_caramel_and_caviar.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1536" data-original-width="2048" height="230" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0rAZACqFsSu0ZOVxQ704Q-u2Vg468A0FqJj-CFvBBp9XWWW2w42vC-gsO0DBa4cAC3nhMmz8dlWdBBR252gr2uFC1psorbYdfigNdOY9Y714OWifwYYntEJt16FXI9KZTsDFj8u1g_CU/w307-h230/Vanilla_Panna_Cotta_with_caramel_and_caviar.jpg" width="307" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.scireslit.com/CaseReports/IJCRSR-ID40.pdf" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue; font-family: times;"><u><span style="font-size: x-small;">Image from Gosavi. </span></u><i style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; text-align: left;">Current Educational Research</i><u><span style="font-size: x-small;">, 2018</span></u></span></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Vanilla_Panna_Cotta_with_caramel_and_caviar.jpg" style="background-color: white; font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: small;">Image from Wikimedia Commons</a></div></div>Dr Gwinyai Masukume, MB ChB(UZ), Dip Obst(SA), MSc(Wits), PhD(UCC)http://www.blogger.com/profile/05681745186575471596noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5806029057541793102.post-15673466304843889922016-08-27T15:58:00.002-07:002022-09-29T15:00:09.513-07:00Strawberry scrotum<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: blue;">The
scrotum ‘houses’ the testes and helps to keep them at a lower temperature than that
of the rest of the body because sperm production takes place best at cooler
temperatures.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: blue;">In
a rare disease affecting the scrotum’s skin, nodules of calcium accumulate within it - scrotal calcinosis - and because of their raised mottled look the nodules give the scrotum an
appearance not unlike a strawberry in some cases – <i>strawberry scrotum</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: blue;">Scrotal calcinosis is not life threatening, its </span></span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 16px;">underlying cause </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">is
unknown. Affected men usually between 20 and 40 years have normal measurements
of calcium in their blood. Treatment for scrotal calcinosis often for cosmetic
reasons is by surgical removal of the affected scrotal region.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><u>Reference</u>:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Singh
I, Singh N, Sharma N, Agarwal S, Tandon R. Strawberry scrotum (Idiopathic
nodular scrotal calcinosis): Image in surgery. <i>Indian J Surg</i>, 2005;67:159. <a href="https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/6312/1/is05045.pdf">Go to reference</a></span><br />
<a href="http://www.improbable.com/2016/10/01/strawberry-scrotum-the-doctors-delight/">Go to Improbable version of this post</a></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-small;">Normal scrotum, Strawberry scrotum, Strawberry</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAZ9tvayY8NJW8gnhYpBj8SjWIHjH_Y870pO1v-6vQvATkAcuPOllkxgu7Z7zONmEG1k_ixvinNJgivXH3mzK3H9j6hWH-Hh-8Ch6Vd-h-cfnkfOJs2B4IuHMk4F2RPr2pUdDmed_Zw-g/s1600/Scrotum.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAZ9tvayY8NJW8gnhYpBj8SjWIHjH_Y870pO1v-6vQvATkAcuPOllkxgu7Z7zONmEG1k_ixvinNJgivXH3mzK3H9j6hWH-Hh-8Ch6Vd-h-cfnkfOJs2B4IuHMk4F2RPr2pUdDmed_Zw-g/s320/Scrotum.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGZm-bBN4mnygfnMH4vGEFE0tcNv-D8MryGyil6149WkA6VrwMZCTY9AIa2I_KpkrgEM9rRd5PR0dkctjuuZkBtFtY1A4dbcJQ0iHRJFA6_B7gyAr96xYG63pB7b8VbKX3ux9Toc3hWhdUP870YJTaSyUj7ls-kZVNQ45M6BP_wxPWO4hg5NQZ5auD/s775/Scrotal%20calcinosis.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="775" data-original-width="606" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGZm-bBN4mnygfnMH4vGEFE0tcNv-D8MryGyil6149WkA6VrwMZCTY9AIa2I_KpkrgEM9rRd5PR0dkctjuuZkBtFtY1A4dbcJQ0iHRJFA6_B7gyAr96xYG63pB7b8VbKX3ux9Toc3hWhdUP870YJTaSyUj7ls-kZVNQ45M6BP_wxPWO4hg5NQZ5auD/s320/Scrotal%20calcinosis.png" width="250" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-goyjWwHb8y8rUq_Te46e6o8BKE_J8F0nTlkv1JzphnJrYKPtMBaR06TC-mHc0MReAMWyCVxaaAmmGLpGVREMcOfq0Tgzsi7PsjC0fOuAe4FbwhNtBye91bunWkwgPCX8JU5-36wfbYc/s1600/Strawberry.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-goyjWwHb8y8rUq_Te46e6o8BKE_J8F0nTlkv1JzphnJrYKPtMBaR06TC-mHc0MReAMWyCVxaaAmmGLpGVREMcOfq0Tgzsi7PsjC0fOuAe4FbwhNtBye91bunWkwgPCX8JU5-36wfbYc/s320/Strawberry.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Adult_Asian_male_scrotum.jpg">Image from Wikimedia Commons</a></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35949471/">Image from Alone A, Wanjari MB. Pan Afr Med J. 2022.</a></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Strawberry_gariguette_DSC03061.JPG">Image from Wikimedia Commons</a></span></div>
Dr Gwinyai Masukume, MB ChB(UZ), Dip Obst(SA), MSc(Wits), PhD(UCC)http://www.blogger.com/profile/05681745186575471596noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5806029057541793102.post-10264236970623974382015-02-17T09:06:00.000-08:002015-02-17T09:06:03.638-08:00Doughnut cells<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Under the light microscope in some cells of anaplastic large-cell
lymphoma (ALCL) the nucleus is ring-shaped with a ‘central opening’ thus resembling
a doughnut in look – <i>doughnut cell</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">ALCL is a rare cancer of the lymphocytes (the T-lymphocyte more precisely),
a kind of white blood cell, thus the designation lymphoma. Anaplastic refers to
cells that are abnormal in shape and function and large-cell pertains to the
relatively big cells of this cancer.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Depending on individual circumstances treatment for ALCL can
include, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, surgery, etc.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<u><span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Reference</span></u><span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Singh S, Gupta N, Tekta GR. Imprint cytology facilitating the diagnosis of primary cutaneous anaplastic large cell lymphoma of iliac fossa. J Cytol, 2012 29(4):267-9. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3543600/">Go to reference</a></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="color: blue; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333330154419px;"><u>Doughnut</u></span></span><span style="color: blue; font-size: 10pt;"><u> cell, doughnut</u></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXjViFgOmUQKALCB3FY0zl_7Abt-LtwxkvVzNalAWQDtDyiKPMOBhSJPFtjffPvoJc7cl9tocRBeA8mQeyT_KgyPf5S1Zqc7-pPoEWQra3PHiIMRkhE4rBsKjsnzcqtBjadtjvWa9l7RU/s1600/Dougnut+cell+and+doughnut.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXjViFgOmUQKALCB3FY0zl_7Abt-LtwxkvVzNalAWQDtDyiKPMOBhSJPFtjffPvoJc7cl9tocRBeA8mQeyT_KgyPf5S1Zqc7-pPoEWQra3PHiIMRkhE4rBsKjsnzcqtBjadtjvWa9l7RU/s1600/Dougnut+cell+and+doughnut.jpg" height="302" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: blue;"><u><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3543600/figure/F1/"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Image from Singh et al. J Cytol, 2012</span></a></u></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: blue;"><u><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dough-Donut-Lemon-Ginger.jpg"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Image from Wikimedia Commons</span></a></u></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span></div>
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Dr Gwinyai Masukume, MB ChB(UZ), Dip Obst(SA), MSc(Wits), PhD(UCC)http://www.blogger.com/profile/05681745186575471596noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5806029057541793102.post-42335952407233411852015-02-15T09:32:00.000-08:002015-02-15T09:32:32.624-08:00Herringbone pattern<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: blue;">Under the light microscope</span><span style="color: blue;">
in classic cases of the soft tissue cancerous tumor fibrosarcoma, the cells are
arranged like the way the branching spines of a herring skeleton are arranged –
</span><i style="color: blue;">herringbone architecture</i><span style="color: blue;">.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">An
architecture in which a column of cells resembling one herring skeleton is
oriented one way and another separate cell column again resembling the skeleton
is disposed in a different direction. Under the microscope there can be several
such columns.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Fibrosarcoma is a rare cancer
typically afflicting adults and can be treated with surgery, radiation or chemotherapy.
The soft tissues are those which support, connect or surround the body’s other structures.<span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<u><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Reference</span></u><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">:<span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Folpe
AL. Fibrosarcoma: a review and update. <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><i>Histopathology</i>.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>2014 64(1):12-25.</span> <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24266941">Go to reference</a></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 9pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><u>Herring, sarcoma</u></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGH0rblnnkbuja_ePw9cv5gGBPbIbYGlaiORfjKP_YWL_8focpRblX0n6BpPdZeEZ-YnpfRwRnVTRc1UzKgHq2wzPKfP_XOg-pHrZDJFrR2kwswcJ1z7BAlsM_63DdiYKynCAlf9kewLc/s1600/Herring+picture+skeleton.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGH0rblnnkbuja_ePw9cv5gGBPbIbYGlaiORfjKP_YWL_8focpRblX0n6BpPdZeEZ-YnpfRwRnVTRc1UzKgHq2wzPKfP_XOg-pHrZDJFrR2kwswcJ1z7BAlsM_63DdiYKynCAlf9kewLc/s1600/Herring+picture+skeleton.jpg" height="317" width="320" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhs4aUlZIiYA6GTFldKGGtl2q_NSbNQ34LLDdJTZ8YFp2SLHFVcc5HvTrAzUj6z4khh5jYlvL99ExU9D1BgIwU8AKGIV0RpVzJ2gha-dCNBfHeDDiXj5oQnJMqyeqKlXBg2ThsvfyRMgQ/s1600/Herringbone+pattern+fibrosarcoma.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhs4aUlZIiYA6GTFldKGGtl2q_NSbNQ34LLDdJTZ8YFp2SLHFVcc5HvTrAzUj6z4khh5jYlvL99ExU9D1BgIwU8AKGIV0RpVzJ2gha-dCNBfHeDDiXj5oQnJMqyeqKlXBg2ThsvfyRMgQ/s1600/Herringbone+pattern+fibrosarcoma.jpg" height="213" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="background: white;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Heringsfass.JPG">Image from Wikimedia Commons</a><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fischskelett-drawing.jpg">Image from Wikimedia Commons</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Malignant_peripheral_nerve_sheath_tumour_-_high_mag.jpg"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Image from Wikimedia Commons</span></a></div>
Dr Gwinyai Masukume, MB ChB(UZ), Dip Obst(SA), MSc(Wits), PhD(UCC)http://www.blogger.com/profile/05681745186575471596noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5806029057541793102.post-36067683947154526792014-12-13T02:08:00.000-08:002014-12-25T08:43:07.371-08:00Chocolate colored blood<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: blue;">Hemoglobin,
the oxygen carrying molecule, normally exists predominantly in the ferrous state
(Fe2+), which is its functional form. Hemoglobin can also exist in the ferric state
(Fe3+), known as methemoglobin.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: blue;">High
concentrations of methemoglobin (methemoglobinemia) cause blood to appear brown
and ‘chocolaty’ in color - <i>chocolate colored blood</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: blue;">Methemoglobin
can occur because of heredity, exposure to drugs and chemicals.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<u><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Reference</span></u><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ramanamurty SV. Methemoglobinemia: A
Reappraisal with an Indian Perspective. <span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Medicine Update 2013. </span>Chapter 77. <span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Available <a href="http://www.apiindia.org/medicine_update_2013/chap77.pdf"><span style="color: windowtext;">http://www.apiindia.org/medicine_update_2013/chap77.pdf</span></a>
Accessed 13 December 2014.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><u>Blood, chocolate</u></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></span>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFpEpkWIZ0xsHpK-5LynsP6su868P5zPRvRtA82mnSSsiusVsd0VWJve8gncSQFWpo9EPuXLMUg0QVKUY8i_gtEoDYOSdb6bSE94-s0HIP7Yoxhzu9nSQuvIwLeFfDiuETV56jbwzWURA/s1600/Chocolate+Cake.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFpEpkWIZ0xsHpK-5LynsP6su868P5zPRvRtA82mnSSsiusVsd0VWJve8gncSQFWpo9EPuXLMUg0QVKUY8i_gtEoDYOSdb6bSE94-s0HIP7Yoxhzu9nSQuvIwLeFfDiuETV56jbwzWURA/s1600/Chocolate+Cake.jpg" height="166" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/Blood_dropplett.jpeg">Image from Wikimedia Commons</a></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Chocolate#mediaviewer/File:Whiskey_Chocolate_Cake.jpg">Image from Wikimedia Commons</a></span></div>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
Dr Gwinyai Masukume, MB ChB(UZ), Dip Obst(SA), MSc(Wits), PhD(UCC)http://www.blogger.com/profile/05681745186575471596noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5806029057541793102.post-70267415822165069542014-07-28T11:06:00.000-07:002014-07-28T11:37:10.905-07:00Coffee bean nuclei<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Brenner tumor (named after the German
physician Fritz Brenner 1877 – 1969) is a rare ovarian tumor apparently derived
from the surface epithelium – outer lining - of the ovary. The tumor is usually
benign (not cancerous), but can occasionally be malignant (cancerous). Under
the light microscope, the nuclei of Brenner tumor cells may have a longitudinal
groove similar in look to the longitudinal groove of coffee beans – </span><i style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">coffee bean nuclei</i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;"><u>Reference</u>:<u><o:p></o:p></u></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; font-size: 10pt;">Borah T,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span>Mahanta
RK,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Bora
BD,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Saikia
S. </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Brenner tumor of ovary: An incidental finding. <i><span style="background: white;">J Midlife
Health</span></i></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>2011 2(1):40-1. </span></span></span><b><span style="background: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3156501/">Go to reference</a></span></span></b><br />
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b><span style="background: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p><br /></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><o:p><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><u>Brenner tumor, Coffee beans</u></span></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxGB-1oCazat8d9-LQzF_2DWsoLlMAuQBSo6rTN1NuIPq2xscgOtaehY_Y34Bmhj4L7g_iwxktEZ131pgy9tNhqM9ooQ1njeOHpOzSC5ByfJLK51DeO1Msa5ljsqX3s69P43rpfVV5Lnc/s1600/Brenner+tumour.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxGB-1oCazat8d9-LQzF_2DWsoLlMAuQBSo6rTN1NuIPq2xscgOtaehY_Y34Bmhj4L7g_iwxktEZ131pgy9tNhqM9ooQ1njeOHpOzSC5ByfJLK51DeO1Msa5ljsqX3s69P43rpfVV5Lnc/s1600/Brenner+tumour.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
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<b><span style="background: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjx8fYeyXbVGZ9WFzpoOyifFHdp0agfoQ5wSUhvDjdKIZkuMa2GFWnurU5lXMFd3-ZVIYRmFV3pAlinJirdcTZuyTD9ouE5BuP9vbKW7WjUHYH7rlTRiCDC4aA5d2fNSGcA5Enj1JobDUQ/s1600/Coffee+Beans.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjx8fYeyXbVGZ9WFzpoOyifFHdp0agfoQ5wSUhvDjdKIZkuMa2GFWnurU5lXMFd3-ZVIYRmFV3pAlinJirdcTZuyTD9ouE5BuP9vbKW7WjUHYH7rlTRiCDC4aA5d2fNSGcA5Enj1JobDUQ/s1600/Coffee+Beans.jpg" height="212" width="320" /></a></div>
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<a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Brenner_tumour4.jpg"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Image from Wikimedia Commons</span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coffee_Beans_Photographed_in_Macro.jpg">Image from Wikimedia Commons</a></span></div>
Dr Gwinyai Masukume, MB ChB(UZ), Dip Obst(SA), MSc(Wits), PhD(UCC)http://www.blogger.com/profile/05681745186575471596noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5806029057541793102.post-11571691442650047072014-06-02T10:17:00.000-07:002014-06-14T00:15:58.794-07:00Raisin-like nucleus<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: blue;">Scrapping
cells off the cervix (neck of the womb) and analyzing them under the light
microscope for changes that may point to the start of cancer of the cervix –
Pap smear/test – has greatly reduced deaths from this cancer because treatment
can be offered before the pre-cancerous changes worsen.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="color: blue;">An
abnormality that may be seen under the microscope is a cell nucleus that looks
like a raisin (dried grape) – <i>raisinoid nucleus</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="color: blue;">The
Pap smear - a screening method - is named after its inventor, the Greek doctor Georgios Papanikolaou
(1883 – 1962). <o:p></o:p></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">Most
cases or cervical cancer are caused by sexually transmitted human papilloma
viruses</span>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><u>Reference</u>:<u><o:p></o:p></u></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Histology
blog (HistoQuarterly). “</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Koilocytes have a clear halo
around the nuclei, and the nuclei are raisinoid (literally look like raisins)
[arrows] </span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><a data-expanded-url="http://twitpic.com/cgp9ef" href="http://t.co/Eo2wcglI2n" style="white-space: pre-wrap;" target="_blank" title="http://twitpic.com/cgp9ef"><span class="invisible"><span style="background: white; color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="text-rendering: auto;">http://</span></span></span><span class="js-display-url"><span style="background: white; color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">twitpic.com/cgp9ef</span></span><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="text-rendering: auto;"></span></span></a>” </span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">3
Apr 2013</span>, 8:37 a.m. Tweet. <a href="https://twitter.com/HistoQuarterly/status/319473738137600000" target="_blank">Go to reference</a><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p><br /></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><u>Pap smear/test and Raisins</u></span></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhq9sThdDD3rpKSaocWxmySPnSikh5oAaZ1p4yEwejn9QEMzRVj5YnpxDqXUDPuQ6clojCUXXbKIIGIpgDamDeGsl_8Se9bRKro50Lw71Q3VcN16cc7CaY39AixvzdJmT5Z728AkB7QRrw/s1600/Pap+test-smear.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhq9sThdDD3rpKSaocWxmySPnSikh5oAaZ1p4yEwejn9QEMzRVj5YnpxDqXUDPuQ6clojCUXXbKIIGIpgDamDeGsl_8Se9bRKro50Lw71Q3VcN16cc7CaY39AixvzdJmT5Z728AkB7QRrw/s1600/Pap+test-smear.jpg" height="213" width="320" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwq3DQ8k7WmdjxYXL1LCj_Z824atruvWXGD8RbS2Ow43fVmAMTdPDXF5UmCteLMj7Lyk0F1ZYIw9D-21uhCO_CUOZpXVtGP4kXsvwTMjRqADieg6SxcvuKHAP6cf1SJYaCGOltq2kzE3U/s1600/Raisins.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwq3DQ8k7WmdjxYXL1LCj_Z824atruvWXGD8RbS2Ow43fVmAMTdPDXF5UmCteLMj7Lyk0F1ZYIw9D-21uhCO_CUOZpXVtGP4kXsvwTMjRqADieg6SxcvuKHAP6cf1SJYaCGOltq2kzE3U/s1600/Raisins.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Low-grade_sil_and_endocx.jpg" style="font-size: 10pt;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Image from Wikimedia Commons</span></a></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Raisin#mediaviewer/File:Pasas.JPG" target="_blank">Image from Wikimedia Commons</a></span></span></div>
Dr Gwinyai Masukume, MB ChB(UZ), Dip Obst(SA), MSc(Wits), PhD(UCC)http://www.blogger.com/profile/05681745186575471596noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5806029057541793102.post-9361280187615270522013-10-24T02:22:00.000-07:002013-11-02T08:04:41.900-07:00Watered-down, fat-free milk<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #3333ff; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ejecting fluid during sexual activity and orgasm is not usual for
females. However, two physiologic (normal processes) have been described,
squirting/gushing and female ejaculation. Squirting/gushing refers to the
expulsion of a relativity large volume of clear fluid through the urethra (the
tube that carries urine out of the body); this fluid originates from the urinary
bladder and resembles diluted urine biochemically.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #3333ff; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Female ejaculation refers to the passage of a white scanty fluid
originating from the female prostate that resembles <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">watered-down, fat-free milk</i>; biochemically female ejaculate resembles
semen except that it does not contain sperms.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #3333ff; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The female prostate - previously called Skene’s paraurethral
gland – surrounds the female urethra and empties into it or just beside it;
about half to two thirds of women have a female prostate.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<u><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Reference<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rubio-Casillas A, Jannini EA. <span class="highlight">New</span> <span class="highlight">insights</span> from <span class="highlight">one</span> <span class="highlight">case</span> of <span class="highlight">female</span> <span class="highlight">ejaculation</span>. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">J Sex Med</i>, 2011 8(12):3500-4. </span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21995650" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">Go to reference</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p><u><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">Milk, female prostate gland opening</span></u></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgOih2XE7xs_bgnBqqjGSzN2k0-L1B_x7XU8MX_RtT6Kc5mSACUM0kW82cD5Wqyyq3m5SySsiUtoZ9-v0AGB2zlb3bfZ1vB0Z9ToW1EQMu0g1-Cgtfm_4hJcHZdOJUsuj1blKvovGJD9Y/s1600/Milk.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgOih2XE7xs_bgnBqqjGSzN2k0-L1B_x7XU8MX_RtT6Kc5mSACUM0kW82cD5Wqyyq3m5SySsiUtoZ9-v0AGB2zlb3bfZ1vB0Z9ToW1EQMu0g1-Cgtfm_4hJcHZdOJUsuj1blKvovGJD9Y/s320/Milk.jpg" width="240" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgOih2XE7xs_bgnBqqjGSzN2k0-L1B_x7XU8MX_RtT6Kc5mSACUM0kW82cD5Wqyyq3m5SySsiUtoZ9-v0AGB2zlb3bfZ1vB0Z9ToW1EQMu0g1-Cgtfm_4hJcHZdOJUsuj1blKvovGJD9Y/s1600/Milk.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a></div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgOih2XE7xs_bgnBqqjGSzN2k0-L1B_x7XU8MX_RtT6Kc5mSACUM0kW82cD5Wqyyq3m5SySsiUtoZ9-v0AGB2zlb3bfZ1vB0Z9ToW1EQMu0g1-Cgtfm_4hJcHZdOJUsuj1blKvovGJD9Y/s1600/Milk.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;">
</a><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvTYFe22eBjfvpUXoZmyAXL8bkzXjaHMufIbpTlX_GJ9jCUPCWnS7yHEyRTiL3xxJooPv_m0Jmp8HrQI49ZDZCRTd5LFmvjg1d1iNsbQnt84Olkbs5t7x5-UomVbAHrZlltdV_rf_VfyM/s1600/Skenes+gland.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="277" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvTYFe22eBjfvpUXoZmyAXL8bkzXjaHMufIbpTlX_GJ9jCUPCWnS7yHEyRTiL3xxJooPv_m0Jmp8HrQI49ZDZCRTd5LFmvjg1d1iNsbQnt84Olkbs5t7x5-UomVbAHrZlltdV_rf_VfyM/s320/Skenes+gland.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p><a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dairy_Crest_Semi_Skimmed_Milk_Bottle.jpg" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">Image from Wikimedia Commons</span></a></o:p></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p><a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Skenes_gland.jpg" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">Image from Wikimedia Commons</span></a></o:p></span></div>
Dr Gwinyai Masukume, MB ChB(UZ), Dip Obst(SA), MSc(Wits), PhD(UCC)http://www.blogger.com/profile/05681745186575471596noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5806029057541793102.post-79621944200635238402013-07-21T07:08:00.000-07:002013-07-21T09:08:19.248-07:00Pancake brain<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Times New Roman;">
</span></span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">The front part of the brain, the
forebrain also known as the prosencephalon normally separates into two halves
(cerebral hemispheres) during the development of the unborn baby. Failure of
the prosencephalon to separate leads to the rare disease, holoprosencephaly
(HPE). The prosencephalon may fail to separate to different extents; where
failure to separate is complete, alobar HPE results, which is the most severe
form of HPE. The brain in alobar HPE resembles a pancake – <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">pancake brain</i>.</span></span><br />
<span style="color: blue; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;"></span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">Instead of the normal two
fluid-filled cavities in the front of the brain, in alobar HPE there is a
single abnormal fluid-filled cavity; facial malformation frequently complicates
HLE.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Times New Roman;">
</span></span><br />
<span style="color: blue; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">Cyclopia, arhinencephaly and DeMyer
sequence are some of HPE’s synonyms.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;"></span><span style="color: black;"><u><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">Reference</span></u><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="color: black; font-family: Times New Roman;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: black;">Situ D, Reifel CW, Smith R, Lyons GW,
Temkin R, Harper-Little C, Pang SC. Investigation of a cyclopic, human, term
fetus by use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). <em><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">J Anat</span></em>, 2002 200(5):431-8. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1570717/"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Go to reference</span></a></span></span></span><br />
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<u>Pancakes, developing brain</u></div>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:PancakesWithSyrup.jpg"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: x-small;">Image from Wikimedia Commons</span></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:EmbryonicBrain.svg"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: x-small;">Image from Wikimedia Commons</span></a></div>
Dr Gwinyai Masukume, MB ChB(UZ), Dip Obst(SA), MSc(Wits), PhD(UCC)http://www.blogger.com/profile/05681745186575471596noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5806029057541793102.post-3481725653408714742012-12-11T06:37:00.000-08:002013-05-04T11:13:47.110-07:00Cherry red epiglottis<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In the neck region the airway (larynx) and the passage (esophagus) for food, drink and so on are near
each other. If food and other material accidentally go into the airway death
from airway obstruction can result.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The epiglottis is a flexible flap of
tissue that prevents food and other material from going into the airway during swallowing.
Due to for example, bacterial infection, the epiglottis and adjacent tissues can
become (inflamed) swollen and red – <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">cherry
red epiglottis</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">When inflamed, the epiglottis itself
can obstruct the airway with fatal consequences; consequently visualizing the
cherry red epiglottis should only be done for instance in an operating theatre
with airway management specialists in attendance.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Vaccination with the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Haemophilus influenzae</i> type b (Hib) vaccine
helps prevent epiglottitis (inflammation of the epiglottis) and other diseases
caused by the bacterium <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Haemophilus
influenzae</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<u><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Reference<o:p></o:p></span></span></u></div>
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Hung TY <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>et al. Bedside
ultrasonography as a safe and effective tool to diagnose acute epiglottitis. <em>Am
J Emerg Med</em>, 2011, 29(3):359.e1-3</span>. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20674236">Go to reference</a></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><a href="http://www.improbable.com/2012/12/16/an-alarming-cherry-further-food-derived-medical-terms/">Go to Improbable version of this post</a></span><br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<u><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Epiglottis, Cherry</span></u></div>
<br />
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<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Illu01_head_neck.jpg"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: x-small;">Image from Wikimedia Commons</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: xx-small; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cherry_Stella444.jpg">Image from Wikimedia Commons</a></span></div>
Dr Gwinyai Masukume, MB ChB(UZ), Dip Obst(SA), MSc(Wits), PhD(UCC)http://www.blogger.com/profile/05681745186575471596noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5806029057541793102.post-51838502351770392552012-11-04T14:09:00.000-08:002012-11-25T03:19:24.698-08:00Salt and pepper retinopathy<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: blue;">Salt and pepper retinopathy refers to tiny light specks (hypopigmentation) interspersed among tiny dark specks (hyperpigmentation) that may be seen in those affected by the rubella virus when the eye’s back (retina) is viewed using special equipment.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">These specks resemble salt and pepper in appearance – <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">salt and pepper retinopathy</i>. Besides rubella virus infection, syphilis and the toxic effects of some drugs can produce salt and pepper retinopathy. Salt and pepper retinopathy normally does not affect vision.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">Vaccination of both males and females against the rubella virus helps prevent harmful effects of the rubella virus on the baby such as blindness, deafness, heart defects and other dreadful manifestations of the congenital rubella syndrome.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: blue;">Please see also the </span><a href="http://foodmedicaleponyms.blogspot.com/2012/07/celery-stick-sign.html"><span style="color: blue;">celery-stick sign (click here)</span></a><span style="color: blue;">.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;"></span><u><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">Reference</span></u><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Damasceno N, Damasceno E, Souza E. Acquired unilateral rubella retinopathy in adult. <span class="citation-abbreviation"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Clin Ophthalmol</i>, </span><span class="citation-publication-date">2011 </span><span class="citation-volume">5:</span><span class="citation-flpages">3-4. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3032996/">Go to reference</a></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana;"><a href="http://www.improbable.com/2012/11/25/theres-more-to-salt-pepper-than-meets-the-eye/">Go to Improbable version of this post</a></span><br />
<span class="citation-flpages"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<u><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Salt and pepper shakers, salt and paper retinopathy</span></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Salt_and_Pepper.JPG"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: x-small;">Image from Wikimedia Commons</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://www.kellogg.umich.edu/theeyeshaveit/congenital/retinopathy.html"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">Image from the University of Michigan Kellogg Eye Centre</span></a></span></div>
Dr Gwinyai Masukume, MB ChB(UZ), Dip Obst(SA), MSc(Wits), PhD(UCC)http://www.blogger.com/profile/05681745186575471596noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5806029057541793102.post-81084608104174838702012-10-21T12:52:00.001-07:002012-11-06T04:13:25.211-08:00Carrot-shaped nuclei<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Headache, vomiting and weakness can be the initial
manifestations of medulloblastoma, the most common malignant brain tumor of
childhood. The nuclei of some medulloblastomas when seen under the microscope can in shape remind you of carrots
– <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">carrot-shaped nuclei</i>.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
Medulloblastomas affect the cerebellum, a part of the
brain concerned with fine-tuning movements but not initiating movements. At
times medulloblastoma cells may spread to other regions via the cerebrospinal
fluid, which is a clear colorless fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy are forms of treatment for medulloblastoma.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><u>Reference</u>:</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Kroh H, Bidziński J . Glial differentiation in <span class="highlight">medulloblastoma</span>. Case report. <em>Neuropatol Pol</em>, 1993 31(1-2):75-82.
</span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7516057"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Go to reference</span></a></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.improbable.com/2012/11/05/seeing-carrots-under-the-microscope-hallucination-or-true-perception/">Go to Improbable version of this post</a></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span> </div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><u>Carrots, M<span class="highlight">edulloblastoma (white blob)</span></u></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAA-QbohJOqXqjbTPm0eJ8ue9WhmlZEeUYizpZH8nDbGEStmSajkkQfkC6XmXOK44NJ4TLyZ4pKSDhqt1BNmXT05fpOE_8H_NQQtmt21mGjQtZ9tonvZk8qI-Y6s1T_18HIFfW50G1SxA/s1600/Carrots.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAA-QbohJOqXqjbTPm0eJ8ue9WhmlZEeUYizpZH8nDbGEStmSajkkQfkC6XmXOK44NJ4TLyZ4pKSDhqt1BNmXT05fpOE_8H_NQQtmt21mGjQtZ9tonvZk8qI-Y6s1T_18HIFfW50G1SxA/s320/Carrots.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijUHHX5bQ0KN1i4XsmYl9NBEkomrLj-QVqLEcSYGffhjnSFlpt-oP7otfjEremM8ZS1tk1FPZJcLq8eRP6Miwc6YcJBuU3kltBTeKcrkPWpmO0y0iw0ySYHNY3n9xoljXQS3AlLas-Ttw/s1600/Medulloblastoma.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijUHHX5bQ0KN1i4XsmYl9NBEkomrLj-QVqLEcSYGffhjnSFlpt-oP7otfjEremM8ZS1tk1FPZJcLq8eRP6Miwc6YcJBuU3kltBTeKcrkPWpmO0y0iw0ySYHNY3n9xoljXQS3AlLas-Ttw/s320/Medulloblastoma.jpg" width="288" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">
<a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Carrots.JPG"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: x-small;">Image from Wikimedia Commons</span></a></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">
</span><a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:AFIP405851R-MEDULLOBLASTOMA.jpg"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">Image from Wikimedia Commons</span></a></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
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Dr Gwinyai Masukume, MB ChB(UZ), Dip Obst(SA), MSc(Wits), PhD(UCC)http://www.blogger.com/profile/05681745186575471596noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5806029057541793102.post-34553566654365615012012-09-20T09:34:00.002-07:002012-11-04T14:20:35.067-08:00Peaches and cream complexion<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: blue;">Located in the neck’s front region is the thyroid,
a gland which produces and releases thyroid hormones that regulate the body’s
metabolic rate.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;"></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: blue;">A deficiency of thyroid hormones
(hypothyroidism) can come about because of several reasons such as iodine deficiency
(iodine is a component of thyroid hormones), destruction of the thyroid gland
by disease or radiation, dysfunction of the structures which control the
thyroid.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: blue;">Individuals with hypothyroidism can gain
weight, tolerate the cold poorly, be depressed, feel fatigued, have slow speech,
menstrual cycle abnormalities, dry skin and in those with fair skin a complexion
likened to peaches and cream – <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">peaches and
cream complexion</i>.</span></span></div>
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<u><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">Reference</span></u><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">O'Callaghan JM, Bewick J, Paice A, Ng P. Stabbing?
Cause. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">BMJ Case Rep</i>, 2009;2009. pii: bcr12.2008.1312.
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3028385/">Go to reference</a></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana;"><a href="http://www.improbable.com/2012/10/19/more-food-derived-medical-terminology-peaches-and-cream/">Go to Improbable version of this post</a></span></div>
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<u><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Peaches and cream</span></u></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEit5nCS27wiGkAbQHZ9GstirCiaqBA5965woNQHG_8SS9sRKRCPZYUAmRrSR_J9Kopnnh9X2vi_uyDmdbxCTNe_AbnoMBIbongKO0AOXEOxd44m28wpZeWbU8YjM2-1K2UL6x6wMaIMjMY/s1600/Peaches.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="239" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEit5nCS27wiGkAbQHZ9GstirCiaqBA5965woNQHG_8SS9sRKRCPZYUAmRrSR_J9Kopnnh9X2vi_uyDmdbxCTNe_AbnoMBIbongKO0AOXEOxd44m28wpZeWbU8YjM2-1K2UL6x6wMaIMjMY/s320/Peaches.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibr2dl1zWA_vLU4EEGeeQ7owrNG0eKCq9GJ5RDys4ra1J2-4klV1nUyRtnG52qTv1DViJNoy3OFTf2DGCH0pAeCHT4k93f7iLYL3rb93x9qe8Lxqltjv078tNO8tHGMHuW5BurqrkAQ3I/s1600/Cream.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibr2dl1zWA_vLU4EEGeeQ7owrNG0eKCq9GJ5RDys4ra1J2-4klV1nUyRtnG52qTv1DViJNoy3OFTf2DGCH0pAeCHT4k93f7iLYL3rb93x9qe8Lxqltjv078tNO8tHGMHuW5BurqrkAQ3I/s320/Cream.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"><a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pfirsiche.jpg"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: x-small;">Image from Wikimedia Commons</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Layered_cake_with_cream.JPG"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">Image from Wikimedia Commons</span></a></span></span></span></div>
Dr Gwinyai Masukume, MB ChB(UZ), Dip Obst(SA), MSc(Wits), PhD(UCC)http://www.blogger.com/profile/05681745186575471596noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5806029057541793102.post-13315152274369547782012-07-27T05:55:00.001-07:002012-07-27T09:27:23.080-07:00Nutcracker syndrome<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: blue;">The aorta, the body’s main artery originates from the heart; in the tummy region it gives off several other arteries that supply organs with blood. The inferior vena cava (IVC) returns blood from the lower body back to the heart. In the tummy, the aorta and IVC lie side by side; the aorta lies on the IVC’s left side.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: blue;">One of the aorta’s tummy branches is the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) which supplies the intestines with blood.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: blue;"> <span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">Blood returning from the left kidney (within the left renal vein) must cross in front of the aorta to reach the IVC because of the relationship between the aorta and IVC - the aorta lies on the IVC’s left side.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: blue;"> <span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">Rarely, the left renal vein can become compressed between the SMA and aorta causing it to dilate. The SMA and aorta in this situation have been likened to the handles of a nutcracker squashing a nut which in this case is the left renal vein – <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">nut cracker phenomenon</i> (renal vein entrapment syndrome).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: blue;"> <span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">When the nutcracker phenomenon causes disease such as blood in the urine, tummy pain, the situation is then known as the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">nutcracker syndrome</i>.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: black;"><u>Reference</u>:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">Navarro J, Azua-Romeo J, Tovar MT, Lopez JA. Nutcracker syndrome: a rare anatomic variant. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">BJUI</i>, 2012 DOI: 10.1002/BJUIw-2011-092-web </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><a href="http://www.bjui.org/ContentFullItem.aspx?id=784&SectionType=1&title=Nutcracker-syndrome:-a-rare-anatomic-variant">Go to reference</a></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.improbable.com/2012/07/27/when-something-inside-you-is-crushed-like-a-nut/">Go to Improbable version of this post</a></span><br />
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<div style="text-align: center;"><u><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Anatomy, Nutcracker</span></u></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjSH2ymWGHVLPfZw9UOaWiHg7LxA-0wfPJcclfRvCCINzMHC4qISIG14cghmS9lHClTXxx_K0AO7bVaYZYJrb1DCiWG6-E8mnJj-pN479Ejz18QLJIGkXwcJwKbVC778LvOOmZ8zvO3IM/s1600/Nutcracker+syndrome.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjSH2ymWGHVLPfZw9UOaWiHg7LxA-0wfPJcclfRvCCINzMHC4qISIG14cghmS9lHClTXxx_K0AO7bVaYZYJrb1DCiWG6-E8mnJj-pN479Ejz18QLJIGkXwcJwKbVC778LvOOmZ8zvO3IM/s320/Nutcracker+syndrome.png" width="286" /></a></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><b><span style="display: none; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hide: all;">Comments</span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoGU1SGShfe7uZ8vFI-QOCHeQtZNUvPeZGjioYdZl_rF1wuCd9uft0tKgLGjEJApCXpVcoXbjcTWOuNm4gC7HPYW0bYsmZuwYqCAHArgYMuoiDCHjrpvDGF7wVq3Bt-OWAEJ6vbTUrUJI/s1600/Nut+cracker.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="194" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoGU1SGShfe7uZ8vFI-QOCHeQtZNUvPeZGjioYdZl_rF1wuCd9uft0tKgLGjEJApCXpVcoXbjcTWOuNm4gC7HPYW0bYsmZuwYqCAHArgYMuoiDCHjrpvDGF7wVq3Bt-OWAEJ6vbTUrUJI/s320/Nut+cracker.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gray1121.png"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: x-small;">Image from Wikimedia Commons</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> <span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Notenkraker.JPG"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">Image from Wikimedia Commons</span></a></span></span></span></div>Dr Gwinyai Masukume, MB ChB(UZ), Dip Obst(SA), MSc(Wits), PhD(UCC)http://www.blogger.com/profile/05681745186575471596noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5806029057541793102.post-77441835554499592472012-07-20T05:04:00.002-07:002012-11-04T14:21:12.462-08:00Sunflower cataracts<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: blue;">The body needs the metal copper for some of its functions such as assisting enzymes carry out their task of facilitating biochemical reactions.<o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="color: blue;"> <span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">In the rare inherited disease – Wilson’s disease – named after a doctor who described it, copper accumulates abnormally mainly in the liver and brain. Because of excess copper, the lens of the eye can look like a sunflower – <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">sunflower cataracts. </i>A cararact is cloudiness of the eye’s lens which can result from numerous causes.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"> <span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">Treatment for Wilson’s disease includes avoiding foods with copper, using medications which prevent absorption of dietary copper or bind to copper within the body and liver transplantation.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<u><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">Reference</span></u><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">Goyal V, Tripathi M. </span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Sunflower cataract in Wilson's disease. <span class="citation-abbreviation"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry</i>, 2000 </span><span class="citation-volume">69</span><span class="citation-issue">(1)</span><span class="citation-flpages">: 133. </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1737031/?tool=pmcentrez">Go to reference</a></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.improbable.com/2012/07/21/your-eyes-look-like-sunflowers-or-careful-with-copper/"><span style="font-family: Verdana;">Go to Improbable version of this post</span></a></div>
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<u><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Sunflowers, eye</span></u> </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhKzjzF1izFR7NpjOyn7xLpT7qJbpXy0VefxqeIyH3XSSC2rh8TgIbI1T38EmCk8ec01scqBZB73oEnUW51K7WSB4NtietyS40AGMjhgHRlGR_t945vMbTvo0E-HOmJZYOdIh-CNt6dVo/s1600/Sunflowers.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhKzjzF1izFR7NpjOyn7xLpT7qJbpXy0VefxqeIyH3XSSC2rh8TgIbI1T38EmCk8ec01scqBZB73oEnUW51K7WSB4NtietyS40AGMjhgHRlGR_t945vMbTvo0E-HOmJZYOdIh-CNt6dVo/s1600/Sunflowers.jpg" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBIQFmz0aSIRuxusuYpiRMtTxDqv6n2i78zZAsSSLBiBF5dY3Abd8B366dzlwlnEb9RQ9Bw8U4FeZ-cWcKXHiBIVdQ0rA50TyHfUc5VqqL2gK152hTlEdmwiByOpY0AHZo5ZolPyg7wt0/s1600/Schematic+diagram+of+the+human+eye.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBIQFmz0aSIRuxusuYpiRMtTxDqv6n2i78zZAsSSLBiBF5dY3Abd8B366dzlwlnEb9RQ9Bw8U4FeZ-cWcKXHiBIVdQ0rA50TyHfUc5VqqL2gK152hTlEdmwiByOpY0AHZo5ZolPyg7wt0/s320/Schematic+diagram+of+the+human+eye.png" width="315" /></a></div>
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<a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Sunflowers.jpg/320px-Sunflowers.jpg"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: x-small;">Image from Wikimedia Commons</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: x-small;">Image from Wikimedia Commons</span></a></div>
Dr Gwinyai Masukume, MB ChB(UZ), Dip Obst(SA), MSc(Wits), PhD(UCC)http://www.blogger.com/profile/05681745186575471596noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5806029057541793102.post-11207724684140045612012-07-06T01:39:00.007-07:002012-11-04T14:20:14.391-08:00Celery-stick sign<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">Abnormal alternating dense (sclerotic) and not so dense (lucent) bone at the ends (metaphysis) of the thigh bone (femur) and shin bone (tibia) can occur following infection of the developing baby (via an infected mother) with the rubella virus particularly during the first weeks of pregnancy.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"> <span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">These bands of alternating sclerotic and lucent bone are seen on radiographic - X-ray - images and they resemble celery sticks/stalks in look – <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">celery-stick sign</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"> <span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">Vaccination of both females and males against the rubella virus helps prevent harmful effects of the rubella virus on the baby such as deafness, blindness, heart defects and other dreadful manifestations of the congenital rubella syndrome.</span></span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: blue;">The celery-stick sign is not unique to congenital rubella.</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: blue;">Please also see <a href="http://foodmedicaleponyms.blogspot.com/2012/11/salt-and-pepper-retinopathy.html">salt and pepper retinopathy (click here)</a>.</span></span></span></span><br />
<u><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">Reference</span></u><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">de Mol AC, Vrancken S, Eggink AJ, Verduyn Lunel FM, Warris A. [The first newborn with congenital rubella syndrome during the rubella epidemic in The Netherlands in 2004/'05]. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd, 2006 </i>150(13):741-6. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16623349">Go to reference</a></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana;"><a href="http://www.improbable.com/2012/07/10/celery-and-viruses/">Go to Improbable version of this post</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;"><u>Celery, rubella virus</u></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuuBCx38B5NDqIeM37InCfmu01gFEqJFKsSgklSnb_Scn_qXj_VZn4gC7BN26YqHkZ11bdf5XsLfjyPncAvnBIgtrOea7OlBu25Kq9VhkVJ3GXJZ-YTiOpftg0snf6xVnGuYg-0XLkiVk/s1600/Celery.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="187" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuuBCx38B5NDqIeM37InCfmu01gFEqJFKsSgklSnb_Scn_qXj_VZn4gC7BN26YqHkZ11bdf5XsLfjyPncAvnBIgtrOea7OlBu25Kq9VhkVJ3GXJZ-YTiOpftg0snf6xVnGuYg-0XLkiVk/s320/Celery.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYiBcOo2NJhMrUWz_p0DhJQ-nDsL-0ukJMYBdAnl4qH6iyS8UsydIm4wXX4Ov4WFyAnLZxCGvRdCm0bBLl1YfdbV_2dVxCBV8Nk8W5xxVJLmNFw4On1mkMJsW9xu3EOz44VdmMEGTWAOc/s1600/Rubella+virus+3D+animation.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYiBcOo2NJhMrUWz_p0DhJQ-nDsL-0ukJMYBdAnl4qH6iyS8UsydIm4wXX4Ov4WFyAnLZxCGvRdCm0bBLl1YfdbV_2dVxCBV8Nk8W5xxVJLmNFw4On1mkMJsW9xu3EOz44VdmMEGTWAOc/s1600/Rubella+virus+3D+animation.gif" /></a></div>
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<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:C%C3%A9leri.jpg"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: x-small;">Image from Wikimedia Commons</span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: x-small;">3D animation of rubella virus - courtesy of </span><a href="http://improbable.com/about/people/MartinGardner.html"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: x-small;">Martin Gardiner</span></a></div>
Dr Gwinyai Masukume, MB ChB(UZ), Dip Obst(SA), MSc(Wits), PhD(UCC)http://www.blogger.com/profile/05681745186575471596noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5806029057541793102.post-6985928407739560062012-06-17T06:58:00.002-07:002012-11-04T14:30:09.901-08:00Ripe cheese odor<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: blue;">Leucine is one of the amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins. Leucine is an essential amino acid meaning that the body cannot make leucine from scratch; it has to be obtained from the diet.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"> <span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;">Isovaleric acidemia is a rare inherited disease in which there is a deficiency of the enzyme responsible for the processing of dietary leucine. Failure to process leucine results in the abnormal accumulation of isovaleric acid and other compounds, resulting in an affected individual having a body odor reminiscent of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ripe cheese</i> or sweaty feet/socks.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"> <span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;">Isovaleric acidemia is a serious disorder that usually manifests in infancy with poor feeding, vomiting, convulsions and due to abnormal accumulation of isovaleric acid and other compounds there is damage to the nervous system.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<u><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;">Reference</span></u><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;">:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;">Lee H et al. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">A novel duplication at the putative DNA polymerase alpha arrest site and a founder mutation in Chinese in the IVD gene underlie <span class="highlight">isovaleric</span> <span class="highlight">acidaemia</span>. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Hong Kong Med J</i>, 2010 16(3):219-22. </span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20519759">Go to reference</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;"><a href="http://foodmedicaleponyms.blogspot.com/2011/08/maple-syrup-urine-disease.html">Go to maple syrup urine disease</a></span><br />
<a href="http://www.improbable.com/2012/06/18/when-babies-smell-like-food/"><span style="font-family: Verdana;">Go to Improbable version of this post</span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;"><u>Socks and cheese</u></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguepvSSZNll4JVfgb-YlG_6qjQgRYBzKV3c_573vcwLqegcrbvlYyTgb1cOSiaf72HE9JjS8IEBmGOH3n7013TwtQth6IeWtEtDn6mzP0v7jvHvEAebunszJczdpFVmyVGiKtqDNkcXpQ/s1600/Socks.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="271" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguepvSSZNll4JVfgb-YlG_6qjQgRYBzKV3c_573vcwLqegcrbvlYyTgb1cOSiaf72HE9JjS8IEBmGOH3n7013TwtQth6IeWtEtDn6mzP0v7jvHvEAebunszJczdpFVmyVGiKtqDNkcXpQ/s320/Socks.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYmkvIgQ_Hh9f050PGyhlDtznU2_XuLHk3dOyhtNGr9DdXXUi2OXi8OU_7-aKpl-aeKiiO-9zsopC5OZ1SGcl8LQ5xIqzsK6w4ksly5e7u-NaT31PfzM_piYNaBGA_ip3coScqQsfwk8U/s1600/Cheese+emmental.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYmkvIgQ_Hh9f050PGyhlDtznU2_XuLHk3dOyhtNGr9DdXXUi2OXi8OU_7-aKpl-aeKiiO-9zsopC5OZ1SGcl8LQ5xIqzsK6w4ksly5e7u-NaT31PfzM_piYNaBGA_ip3coScqQsfwk8U/s320/Cheese+emmental.jpg" width="278" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;"><o:p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Socken_farbig.jpeg"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">Image from Wikimedia Commons</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emmentaler_aoc_block.jpg">Image from Wikimedia Commons</a></span></span></span></div>
Dr Gwinyai Masukume, MB ChB(UZ), Dip Obst(SA), MSc(Wits), PhD(UCC)http://www.blogger.com/profile/05681745186575471596noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5806029057541793102.post-52827001660805893212012-06-02T04:24:00.007-07:002012-11-04T14:29:50.113-08:00Cottage loaf sign (TAPVC)<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">The heart is one of the first organs to function; it begins to beat from about 5 weeks of pregnancy. Normally after birth, 4 pulmonary veins return oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart’s left side. This blood is then pumped by the heart to the rest of the body.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">During pregnancy, when the future baby’s heart is developing, abnormalities in the heart’s development can occur. One of these abnormalities is total anomalous pulmonary venous connection/drainage (TAPVC) where the 4 pulmonary veins do not drain into the heart’s left side.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">Patients with TAPVC because of the abnormal internal anatomy may on chest X-ray have an appearance akin to a cottage loaf – <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">cottage loaf sign</i>.</span></span></span></div>
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<u><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">Reference</span></u><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">Somerville J, Grech V. The chest x-ray in congenital heart disease 1. Total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage and coarctation of the aorta. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Images Paediatr Cardiol</i>, 2009 11(1):7–9. </span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3232600/?tool=pubmed">Go to reference</a></span><br />
<a href="http://www.improbable.com/2012/06/04/the-cottage-loaf-sign-medically-speaking/">Go to Improbabble version of this post</a> <br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_hqXD-hwnoBUNWKj0nQGmJFzw71VkZNZxaf9MnuVJETtwhHJXheGu9bh_KujJDd0xAKxmdAmTzgt_zQDcXDZ2KHr_JJe9pvmpmFjrVURQ-fMCHmbQfoi1g5jt1Th1v4RZuB8LL3DCJJc/s1600/Cottage+loaf+sign+(TAPVC).png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="145" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_hqXD-hwnoBUNWKj0nQGmJFzw71VkZNZxaf9MnuVJETtwhHJXheGu9bh_KujJDd0xAKxmdAmTzgt_zQDcXDZ2KHr_JJe9pvmpmFjrVURQ-fMCHmbQfoi1g5jt1Th1v4RZuB8LL3DCJJc/s400/Cottage+loaf+sign+(TAPVC).png" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><strong>Panel A</strong> ‘Cottage loaf’, ‘snowman’ or ‘figure of 8’ heart shape due to total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage, image reproduced with kind permission of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Images in Pediatric Cardiology</i> journal. <strong>Panel B</strong> Outline of cottage loaf. <strong>Panel C</strong> Cottage loaf (<span style="color: black;">a rustic traditional English loaf of bread made with yeast and white flour) </span>consisting of two parts, the upper part is smaller than the lower part, image from </span><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cottage_loaf.jpg.">Wikimedia Commons</a> the free media repository.</span></span></div>
Dr Gwinyai Masukume, MB ChB(UZ), Dip Obst(SA), MSc(Wits), PhD(UCC)http://www.blogger.com/profile/05681745186575471596noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5806029057541793102.post-21467024172274875682012-04-30T09:25:00.002-07:002012-11-04T14:29:24.033-08:00Dish-face deformity<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: blue;">The middle of the face around the nose area may be hypoplastic (underdeveloped) in Larsen syndrome giving the face a look resembling a dish – <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">dish-face</i>. Other features of this syndrome named after Larsen who described it can include a tendency for the large joints to dislocate as well as abnormalities of the hands and feet.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"> <span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">Larsen syndrome is rare and is typically inherited in a dominant manner; meaning only one copy of the abnormal gene is enough to cause the syndrome when inherited from a parent who has the syndrome.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"> <span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">Mid-face fractures can also result in one developing the dish face-deformity.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<u><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">Reference</span></u><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">Kaissi A, Ganger R, Klaushofer K, Grill F. The management of knee dislocation in a child with Larsen syndrome. <span class="citation-abbreviation"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Clinics (Sao Paulo)</i>, 2011, </span><span class="citation-volume">66</span><span class="citation-issue">(7)</span><span class="citation-flpages">:1295–1299. </span></span><span class="citation-flpages"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3148481/">Go to reference</a></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana;"><a href="http://www.improbable.com/2012/05/03/facies-that-look-like-dishes/">Go to Improbable version of this post</a></span></div>
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<span class="citation-flpages"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;"><u>Dish, Autosomal dominant inheritance</u></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3GW3ty9eRALV94XRyohB81mKUu6JnGDVpyom3ykEQ7bFiT3bjGly9GV_m72sZQWzbEHFoK34p4qMNG0yuD8-woAQ3IRGsHs9qYo_JnmdYy13nlfRICfp4ZvIF4kLzuH1pfeTDZpdaJg8/s1600/Panama+pedestal+dish.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="291" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3GW3ty9eRALV94XRyohB81mKUu6JnGDVpyom3ykEQ7bFiT3bjGly9GV_m72sZQWzbEHFoK34p4qMNG0yuD8-woAQ3IRGsHs9qYo_JnmdYy13nlfRICfp4ZvIF4kLzuH1pfeTDZpdaJg8/s320/Panama+pedestal+dish.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhci03cxyvZxmXcjWBuWNtgSOl6eNRnTurSFsOinpS0wUQ4YFm0xG9JYzh4cfojMI1lWtOkcU3j4wGODW4YxVn94q6039JiLGYyynsZn_yVSXnNMqgEz34krPGqEiBwS-s_f3-kFgvhodU/s1600/Autosomal+dominant.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhci03cxyvZxmXcjWBuWNtgSOl6eNRnTurSFsOinpS0wUQ4YFm0xG9JYzh4cfojMI1lWtOkcU3j4wGODW4YxVn94q6039JiLGYyynsZn_yVSXnNMqgEz34krPGqEiBwS-s_f3-kFgvhodU/s320/Autosomal+dominant.png" width="184" /></a></div>
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<span class="citation-flpages"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"><o:p><a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Panamanian_-_Pedestal_Dish_-_Walters_TL200920205.jpg"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: x-small;">Image from Wikimedia Commons</span></a></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> <span class="citation-flpages"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Autosomal_dominant_-_en.svg"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">Image from Wikimedia Commons</span></a></span></span></span></span></div>
Dr Gwinyai Masukume, MB ChB(UZ), Dip Obst(SA), MSc(Wits), PhD(UCC)http://www.blogger.com/profile/05681745186575471596noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5806029057541793102.post-21870332823223201662012-04-09T13:03:00.005-07:002012-04-13T02:28:08.482-07:00Coffee bean sign<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The sigmoid colon is a part of the large intestine; it can twist upon itself abnormally – sigmoid volvulus.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> Sigmoid volvulus is a life threatening condition that can present with vomiting, abdominal distension, abdominal pain and inability to pass flatus and stool, which emanate from intestinal obstruction caused by the sigmoid colon twisting on itself.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> Abdominal X-rays in individuals with sigmoid volvulus usually have the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">coffee bean sign</i>, so named because the dilated obstructed bowel which has coiled upon itself has an appearance resembling a coffee bean.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> The coffee bean sign is also known as the 'omega', 'bent inner tube' or 'inverted U’ sign. The coffee bean sign is not exclusive to sigmoid volvulus, it can also be a feature of other diseases.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: blue;"> </span><u>Reference</u>:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Feldman D. The coffee bean sign. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Radiology</i>, 2000 216:178-179 (also source of image). </span><a href="http://radiology.rsna.org/content/216/1/178.full"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Go to reference</span></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><a href="http://www.improbable.com/2012/04/12/a-treatise-on-beans-in-medicine/"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Go to Improbable version of this post</span></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
<o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><u><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Abdominal X-ray showing the coffee bean sign, coffee beans</span></u> </span></o:p></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqmuD4KPK1RTVl_bEjjrPlzwHD5jHn-gwF3FWlgdAWbf_LzOiWDvcia0fZ70zwJsFcoSGWKXQFmif0nDrswoRZ_uWiAZ3348JCjgeezTVyIDGxjOTg5pdLTCDI24yiwM491d0m_VeHR1s/s1600/Coffee+bean+sign.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqmuD4KPK1RTVl_bEjjrPlzwHD5jHn-gwF3FWlgdAWbf_LzOiWDvcia0fZ70zwJsFcoSGWKXQFmif0nDrswoRZ_uWiAZ3348JCjgeezTVyIDGxjOTg5pdLTCDI24yiwM491d0m_VeHR1s/s320/Coffee+bean+sign.gif" width="263" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgu67-mEhpjTheY0dZfGxaoY6eYFW4P9gjTLCIvojSqxc5aGIh9lKaNcJTvKCHL_S_xwX6R8QVMGWz9J3oZyKvHLsWwbftHZyT4iRYadglZ8xK2K8Y7MYJabg2wlqJfTFNde_VKLjhR85A/s1600/Coffee+beans.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="172" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgu67-mEhpjTheY0dZfGxaoY6eYFW4P9gjTLCIvojSqxc5aGIh9lKaNcJTvKCHL_S_xwX6R8QVMGWz9J3oZyKvHLsWwbftHZyT4iRYadglZ8xK2K8Y7MYJabg2wlqJfTFNde_VKLjhR85A/s200/Coffee+beans.png" width="200" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><o:p><a href="http://radiology.rsna.org/content/216/1/178/F1.expansion.html"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">Image reproduced with the kind permission of the Radiological Society of North America (RSNA®) - click here for image caption</span></a><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span></o:p></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"> <span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Coffee_beans.svg"><span style="color: blue;">Image from Wikimedia Commons</span></a></span></span></div>Dr Gwinyai Masukume, MB ChB(UZ), Dip Obst(SA), MSc(Wits), PhD(UCC)http://www.blogger.com/profile/05681745186575471596noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5806029057541793102.post-34655158362420228952012-03-31T06:50:00.004-07:002012-04-05T05:35:46.404-07:00Spaghetti and meatball appearance<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: blue;">By adulthood, most people are infected with the JC virus which is named from the initials of John Cunningham a patient who was afflicted by this virus.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: blue;"> <span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">Usually, the JC virus causes no problems for infected persons unless their immune system is compromised by AIDS, organ transplantation, some cancers, the use of certain drugs and so on.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: blue;"> <span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">Oligodendrocytes, the cells which form myelin that </span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;">insulates nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord thereby facilitating efficient transmission of nerve impulses are infected by the JC virus.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: blue;"> <span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;">On electron microscopy of oligodendrocytes in progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) a serious disease caused by the JC virus, virus particles appear as both filamentous and spherical forms resembling <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">spaghetti and meatballs </i>respectively.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><u><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;">Reference</span></u><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;">:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;">Smith AB, Smirniotopolous JG, Rushing EJ. </span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">From the archives of the AFIP: central nervous system infections associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection: radiologic-pathologic correlation. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Radiographics</i>. 2008, 28(7):2033-58. <span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19001657">Go to reference</a></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;"></span><o:p></o:p></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://foodmedicaleponyms.blogspot.com/2011/03/spaghetti-meatball-appearance.html"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Go to spaghetti & meatball appearance of Pityriasis versicolor</span></a></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.improbable.com/2012/04/04/why-do-pathologists-see-spaghetti-and-meatballs/"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Go to Improbable version of this post</span></a> </span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;"><o:p></o:p></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;"><u>Spaghetti and meatballs</u></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh03p-FxZ1bglLo0pr7EQvlA4EHf9BG3QTsFyHtnjpCkh3sbEAlVF6aI8NAwW9dFKOLrAaJJq1xIHAut-DZl-nvVjjp7b1uIJzt2Wg4byEYSafcRU-N2jfCyZiMmEHKs-O4uhBQTJaSRH0/s1600/Spaghetti+and+meatballs.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh03p-FxZ1bglLo0pr7EQvlA4EHf9BG3QTsFyHtnjpCkh3sbEAlVF6aI8NAwW9dFKOLrAaJJq1xIHAut-DZl-nvVjjp7b1uIJzt2Wg4byEYSafcRU-N2jfCyZiMmEHKs-O4uhBQTJaSRH0/s320/Spaghetti+and+meatballs.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spaghetti_and_meatballs.jpg">Image from Wikimedia Commons</a></span></div>Dr Gwinyai Masukume, MB ChB(UZ), Dip Obst(SA), MSc(Wits), PhD(UCC)http://www.blogger.com/profile/05681745186575471596noreply@blogger.com1